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Photoreceptor Drum The photoreceptor drum (or, in some photocopiers, belt) is the heart of the system. A drum is basically a metal roller covered by a layer of photoconductive material. This layer is made out of a semiconductor such as selenium, germanium or silicon. What makes elements like selenium so cool is that they can conduct electricity in some cases, but not in others. In the dark, the photoconductive layer on the drum acts as an insulator, resisting the flow of electrons from one atom to another. But when the layer is hit by light, the energy of the photons liberates electrons and allows current to pass through! These newly freed electrons are what neutralizes the positive charge coating the drum to form the latent image. It’s easy to imagine how you might project a copy of an image on a photoreceptive belt that has roughly the same dimensions as the sheet of paper containing the image. A problem emerges when you think about doing the same thing on a thin, cylindrical drum. How can the surface area of the drum possibly match the real estate on a sheet of paper? The solution is to simply rotate the drum while you’re making a copy. If you rotate the drum in lockstep with the movement of the light beam across the original document, you can build the image strip by strip. After one strip of light is focused onto a corresponding swath of the drum, the drum rotates to expose a fresh area of the photoconductor. Meanwhile, the previously exposed region of the drum swings into contact with the toner, and then with the paper. Because the length of a standard printed page is a lot larger than the circumference of the drum in a modern photocopier, one full rotation of the drum will only replicate a small piece of the page. The drum actually has to be cleaned, recharged with ions, exposed to photons, and sprinkled with toner multiple times in order to duplicate the entire original. To the casual observer, the process appears continuous, because it’s all seamlessly coordinated inside the photocopier as the drum rotates.

Fax machines are complicated pieces of equipment with delicate sensors, motors and finely calibrated moving parts. As much as you might want to kick your office fax machine when there’s a paper jam, there are other solutions. Here are some troubleshooting tips for the most common fax problems: image quality, paper jams and connectivity issues. The most common image quality problems with faxes are pages that come out too dark, too light or are unreadable due to streaks, splotches and spots. For dark and light pages, it could be as simple as changing the darkness or density setting on the receiving machine [source: FineStar Imaging]. If the receiver does a test print and the page comes out clean, then the problem is most likely with the sender’s machine. The sender should open up the document feed area of the fax machine and clean all the surfaces and moving parts with a slightly damp cloth [source: Sands Office Equipment, Inc.] If the fax machine is one of those all-in-one gadgets that doubles as a scanner and copier, clean off the scanner glass as well with a little glass cleaner. If the test print comes out with lines and splotches, then the problem is on the receiving end. The most common cause of dirty copies is spilled or leaking toner or ink. Laser printers and fax machines use large toner cartridges containing dry, black, powdery toner [source: Automation Consulting and Supplies]. If you open up the printer door on the fax machine and see a bunch of dry toner lying around, remove the toner cartridge and give it a shake. If toner falls out of the cartridge, you should buy a new one. Inkjet printers and fax machines use liquid ink, not dry toner [source: Automation Consulting and Supplies]. If you see drips or puddles of wet ink in the printing area, you’ll want to replace the ink cartridge and clean the entire area well. Paper jams are another common fax machine problem. If you have a small fax machine, there are only two areas where paper could get jammed: the document feeder and the printing area. Larger machines have more gears and moving parts where paper can get stuck, but luckily those machines often come with sensors to tell you where the jam is located. The key to removing jammed paper from a fax machine is to always pull in the direction that the paper naturally travels. Yanking paper out in the opposite direction could damage small wheels and gears or leave scraps of shredded paper in the machine If the fax machine signals an error, check the manual or call the manufacturer to see what it means. If you get a lot of communications errors, make sure the phone line is plugged in all the way and that you hear a clear dial tone through the phone receiver. If not, you might want to call the telephone company and have them check your line for interference.

Even though traditional fax machines are fast being replaced by e-mail and Internet fax services, it’s still important to know how to use this workplace workhorse. Here are some basic instructions for sending and receiving a fax. Sending a fax: Make sure the fax machine is plugged into a power source and also plugged into a working phone jack. Turn the fax machine on. Obtain the fax number of the destination fax machine. Gather the documents you want to send and put them in the order you want them to be received. Fill out a separate piece of paper called a coversheet with the recipient’s name, fax number/phone number, your name, your phone number, a short message and number of pages (including coversheet). Lay the documents face-up in the fax machine feeder tray with the coversheet on top Dial the recipient’s fax number (dialing instructions for international calls) Press the “fax” or “send” button, depending on the particular fax machine model

The Domain Name System connects the names of websites to their underlying IP addresses, increasing efficiency and even security. The Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the internet’s pillars, working in the background to match web site names entered into search boxes with the corresponding IP address, a long string of numbers that no one can be expected to remember. It is still possible to access a website by typing an IP address into a browser, but most people prefer an internet address to be made up of easy-to-remember words known as domain names. (For instance, Network World.) When your computer wants to find the IP address associated with a domain name, it first uses a DNS client, which is usually a Web browser. After that, the query is routed to a recursive DNS server, also known as a recursive resolver. A recursive resolver is typically operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) such as AT&T or Verizon (or another third-party), and it knows which other DNS servers to query in order to resolve a site’s name with its IP address. The authoritative name servers are the servers that actually have the required information. DNS is structured in a hierarchical manner. A recursive resolver is queried for the first time for an IP address. This query first takes you to a root server, which contains information on top-level domains (.com,.net,.org) as well as country domains. Because root servers are located all over the world, the DNS system routes requests to the closest one. When a request reaches the correct root server, it is routed to a top-level domain server (TLD nameserver), which stores information for the second-level domain, which is the words entered into a search box. The request is then routed to a domain nameserver, which looks up the IP address and returns it to the DNS client device, allowing it to access the appropriate website. All of this happens in milliseconds. What is DNS caching? You probably use Google several times per day. Instead of your computer querying the DNS nameserver for the IP address each time you enter the domain name, that information is saved on your personal device, so it does not need to access a DNS server to resolve the name with the IP address. Additional caching can occur on routers that connect clients to the internet, as well as on the user’s ISP’s servers. Because there is so much caching going on, the number of queries that actually make it to the DNS name servers is significantly reduced, which improves system speed and efficiency.

How To Protect Yourself From Phishing Attacks Many phishing emails may be blocked by your email spam filters. However, scammers are constantly trying to outwit spam filters, so it’s a good idea to add additional layers of protection. Here are four steps you can take right now to safeguard yourself against phishing attacks. What To Do if You Suspect a Phishing Attack If you receive an email or a text message instructing you to click a link or open an attachment, consider the following: Do I have an account with the company or do I know the person who contacted me? If the answer is “No,” you may be the victim of a phishing scam. Return to the How to Recognize Phishing section and look for signs of a phishing scam. If you see one, report it and then delete it. If the answer is “Yes,” contact the company via a phone number or website that you know is legitimate. Not the information contained in the email. Attachments and links have the potential to install malicious malware. Four Steps to Stay Safe From Phishing Protect your computer by using security software. Set the software to automatically update so that it can deal with any new security threats. Set your mobile phone’s software to automatically update. These updates may provide you with critical security protection. Use multi-factor authentication to secure your accounts. Some accounts provide additional security by requiring two or more credentials to log in. This is referred to as multi-factor authentication. The additional credentials required to log in to your account are classified into two types: Something you have — like a passcode you get via an authentication app or a security key. Something you are — like a scan of your fingerprint, your retina, or your face. If scammers obtain your username and password, multi-factor authentication makes it more difficult for them to log in to your accounts. Back up your data to protect it. Make a backup of your data and ensure that it is not connected to your home network. You can save your computer files to an external hard drive or to the cloud. Back up your phone’s data as well.

Secure Print Release Your multi-function printer (MFP) should support secure print release if you have a multi-printer environment. This feature allows users within your print network to print copies as needed from the main print station. Additionally, employees can select which machines within your network they would like to process their documents on when they need their documents to be copied or printed. Finding a copy machine that holds the copy until the user authenticates its release would be the ideal solution. To release the document, the user only needs to tap their device on the printer as authentication. You can also design a system where the user receives a QR code, which they then input into the device to release the document. Character Recognition Through Optics (OCR) You should look for a copy machine with optical character recognition (OCR) capabilities when determining which one is best for your company. Your device can convert any printed text from your copy into digital text using OCR technology. You can easily log every word in your document into a database that can be searched thanks to this capability. Furthermore, the information therein can be transferred to a local drive or the company’s cloud database. Overall, this feature is convenient because it saves time, especially when performing business analytics. Additionally, it makes document sharing across locations simple, making it a key feature for companies looking to embrace more remote work. Stapling and Collating Let’s say you expect to print large documents with multiple pages on a regular basis. In that case, you need a copier that can collect, organise, and arrange your copy’s component parts in a sequential order. Thankfully, there are devices on the market right now that can collate and staple your documents. Notably, an offset collating feature is built into even the most basic office copier. As a result, the documents don’t need to be organised or stapled by the end user. Finishing the Document Finding a machine that finishes your document would be a step up from the basic collating and stapling. Finishing, as it relates to copiers, is any action taken after the document has been stapled. Along with punching holes, folding, finishing, trimming, and laminating, it should also punch holes in the document. Additionally, a copier that can foil stamp or emboss your document is an option. Generally speaking, while machines that could complete your documents exactly as you wanted were once a luxury, they are now a business standard. After-Copy Editing You need to locate a printer that enables you to scan and edit the required document. This is helpful if you want to make a few minor changes. The document could be automatically edited to do something as simple as include the dates or a watermark. Even so, you save a lot of time that would otherwise be spent on various office procedures.

Paper has become the most widely used material in the world, out of all the materials that have been used throughout history. In fact, the United States alone consumes approximately 70 million tonnes of it per year1! But could you tell the difference between the various types, thicknesses, and weights of copier paper and cardstock paper? Most likely not.  Specifying Paper Weights  When printing, paper weight is an important factor to consider. Heavier media frequently conveys quality and durability. Unfortunately, sorting through the various methods of labelling the weight of paper is not always simple. To begin, there are three common methods for specifying paper weight and thickness: US Basis Weight (Bond, Book, Index, Cover, Tag, Points, Offset), Metric Weight (GSM or G/m2), and Points or Mils, which are often interchangeable (an actual Caliper reading of the paper thickness).  The “Basis Weight” is defined as the weight of 500 sheets of paper in its basic unit uncut size, which means the paper is weighed and classified before being cut to Letter or Legal size. The most common sizes are Bond, Text, Book, Cover, Index, and Tag, which you may be familiar with. Uncut Bond paper measures 17 x 22 inches, while uncut Cover paper measures 20 x 26 inches. If 500 sheets of Bond paper (17 x 22 inches) weigh 20 pounds, a ream of paper cut to Letter size will also be labelled as 20 pounds. If 500 sheets of Cover paper (20 x 26 inches) weigh 65 pounds, a ream of this paper trimmed to tabloid size will be labelled as 65lb. This may seem like a lot to take in, but don’t be discouraged! Professional printers frequently fail to keep track of all possible permutations. They have a pretty good idea of what to expect when reaching for a 24lb Bond versus a 60lb Cover versus a 110lb Index based on experience with a small subset.  Each medium frequently serves a specific purpose. The basic descriptions and “real-world” examples of the core print media applications are provided below. Place your cursor over each image to see a brief description of each paper type.  Fortunately, a metric measurement is almost always displayed alongside the US Basis Weight. The metric measurement (also known as grammage) is the weight of one sheet of media cut to 1 x 1 metre square. Because the same size sheet is always weighed, GSM (grammes per square metre) provides a more consistent scale for judging the weight and thickness of paper.  Finally, you can always use a calliper to determine the thickness of a sheet of paper. Points or 1/1000 of an inch are frequently used to specify specialty media. 12-point media is defined as media that is 0.012 inches thick. 

Spam emails, also known as junk emails, are unsolicited messages sent in bulk with the expectation of receiving a small amount of interaction. Spam has increased dramatically as a result of technological trends and bots. No matter how many new channels for marketing and communication are discovered, email always takes first place. Spam has been increasing on a daily basis since the early 1990s, when email became popular. According to a propeller survey, approximately 45% of total email is spam, which includes irrelevant ads, scams, adult content, and many other things. The most intriguing aspect of this Spam is: Every day, approximately 16.8 billion emails are sent around the world. Spam emails can be classified as follows under spam laws: – 33% of irrelevant advertisements – 26.5% of emails involve financial fraud. – 2.5% of emails contain scams or fraud. – 73% of emails are related to identity theft (email as links to phishing pages). According to the above calculation, spammers receive one response for every 15,650,000 emails sent. If you are shocked with the above facts then wait for a second do you know that by compromising your personal information through this spam medium spammers earn about $8K to $10K per day.

Website management includes a variety of services that are combined so you don’t have to worry about running your website. Essentially, when you hire a company like ours to manage your website, we handle all website-related tasks, and all you have to do is tell us what you require. Security, content management, and website support are the three major categories of management. Website Security The most important aspect of any good website management service is website security. Hackers and cyber criminals are constantly targeting websites. The vast majority of these attacks are automated, with the goal of infecting your visitors’ computers or phishing for information. A critical component of any management service is ensuring that your site is secure and that the architecture on which it is built is up to date. It includes both passive management, such as installing good firewalls and other measures to keep potential hackers out, and active management, such as malware scans and updating your website architecture. Content Administration This is the second most important feature of any website management service. A website should be considered a static object that is never updated or improved. The single most important thing you can do to make your website successful is to add content on a regular basis. It is not as simple as pasting some text and clicking publish to add content to a website. Posting blog posts, adding photographs, and fixing website pages are all examples of content management. For example, if you own a restaurant, you should keep your menu current and post any seasonal menus or specials on your website. You probably don’t want to be bothered with these tasks, so it’s easier to outsource them to an outside company where all you have to do is send them an email and they’ll do it for you. Optimizing content for the web is an important aspect of good content management. Properly formatting web content is both an art and a science, requiring knowledge of both HTML and SEO. This is also true for posting images, which should be optimised with tags but also compressed in size to keep your website running quickly. Website Support I like to group the remaining activities under general website support. This is going to cover a wide range of topics. For example, if you want to change the layout of your website or the navigation menu, this would be included in your website management service. Under this umbrella, we also include some other services such as adding email addresses, assisting with forgotten passwords, and answering any questions you may have about your website or online business presence. All websites require management, whether it is outsourced to a company like Taikun Inc. or done in-house by an employee. Outsourcing these tasks to a firm that specialises in it is far more cost effective for many businesses, as it is difficult and expensive to find an employee who is effective at all aspects of management.

Windows 7 Open the Start Menu and select Devices and Printers from the menu on the right side. In the top bar, click ‘Add a printer’ Select ‘Add a local printer’ Click Create a new port, and in the dropdown menu, select Standard TCP/IP Port Type the IP address into the box labeled Hostname or IP address, and click next. Windows should either automatically detect the driver, or you will have to search in the list. If it isn’t in the list of drivers, click Windows update. After a time, the driver should appear in the list. Windows 8 Use windows search and type in printers. Click on the option for Devices and Printers. Select ‘Add a local printer’ Click Create a new port, and in the dropdown menu, select Standard TCP/IP Port Type the IP address into the box labeled Hostname or IP address, and click next. Windows should either automatically detect the driver, or you will have to search in the list. If it isn’t in the list of drivers, click Windows update. After a time, the driver should appear in the list. Windows 10 Follow the menu path Start > Settings > Devices. Scroll to the bottom of the page and click Devices and printers. Result: The *Devices and Printers” window opens. Click Add a printer. Click The printer that I want isn’t listed. On the Add Printer screen, choose Add a Local Printer or network printer with manual settings, then click Next. On the Add a Printer/Choose a printer port screen, choose Create a new port. From the Type of Port pop-up menu, choose Standard TCP/IP port and click Next. In the Hostname or IP address field, enter the IP address of the printer, e.g., 18.187.2.1 Result: The port name will be automatically populated, based on the IP address. Click Next. Result: The Install the printer driver window will display choices. Select the printer make from the left-hand column. Then choose the printer model from the right-hand column. Note: If you do not see an exact driver match, you may wish to install the printer drivers from the printer manufacturer website, or from media supplied by the manufacturer at the time of the printer purchase. Click Next. On the Type a printer name window, enter a printer name. Then click Next. Choose Do not share this printer. Then click Next. If desired, select Print a test page. Click Finish. Windows 11 Open Start Menu>System>Bluetooth & devices Click Printers & Scanners *Click *Add device *Click *Add Manually Click Add a printer using an IP address or hostname *Select the *TCP/IP Device Device type with the down arrow In the Hostname or IP address field, enter the IP address of the printer, e.g., 18.187.2.1 Click Next Select the printer make from the left-hand column. Then choose the printer model from the right-hand column. Note: If you do not see an exact driver match, you may wish to install the printer drivers from the printer manufacturer website, or from media supplied by the manufacturer at the time of the printer purchase. Type Name of the printer Select Do not share this printer Click Finish OSX Open System Preferences Select Print and Fax Click on the + Select the IP tab In the Address Bar, type in the IP address, Leave the Queue box blank, enter the name you want to use for the printer, and Choose either the Generic PCL or the Generic Post Script Driver, unless you have a different driver file to use.